4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway

Gary Parker; David Eastwood; Malte Storm; Kalpani Vitharana; Eric M. Heatwole; Ian Lopez-Pulliam; Robert M. Broilo; Peter M. Dickson; Anna Martinez; Christoph Rau; Neil K. Bourne

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025

4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway

Gary Parker, David Eastwood, Malte Storm, Kalpani Vitharana, Eric M. Heatwole, Ian Lopez-Pulliam, Robert M. Broilo, Peter M. Dickson, Anna Martinez, Christoph Rau, Neil K. Bourne

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Abstract

High-resolution synchrotron x-ray radiography with computed tomography is used to observe the evolution of porosity created by thermal exposure in two HMX-based polymer-bonded explosive compositions; LX-04 and BX-63. The measurements were made in situ, over an extended period of time, during which the samples were heated on a slow-rate thermal trajectory. The tests ended with thermal-runaway to ignition after which the samples were consumed by combustion. The primary means of damage appears to be from mechanical debonding of the HMX-binder interface with secondary contribution from chemical decomposition. Confinement and binder properties affect the amount of porosity and permeability that develops. Additionally, observations were made describing the emergence and structure of an internal ignition volume, the formation and transport of a pre-ignition melt layer, and how the early stages of combustion were affected by material morphology, mechanical confinement and melt. The contact angle between molten HMX and the fluoropolymer, Viton A, is also presented. For the first time we have time-resolved x-ray images of ignition in sufficient detail to verify the mechanism of cookoff in polymer-bonded explosive compositions.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	478-489
Number of pages	12
Journal	Combustion and Flame
Volume	226
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025
Publication status	Published - 6 Jan 2021

Keywords

Auto-ignition
Convective burn
Damage
Explosive behavior
Porosity
Radiography

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10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025

4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runawayAccepted author manuscript, 1.44 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

UoMaH: The University of Manchester at Harwell
Lawrence, J. (PI), Burnett, T. (PI), Baker, M. (Researcher), Eastwood, D. (Researcher), Falkowska, M. (Researcher), Freitas, D. (Researcher), Hunt, S. (Researcher), Khan, A. (Researcher), Lane, H. (Researcher), Lezcano Gonzalez, I. (Researcher), Ma, L. (Researcher), Mirihanage, W. (Researcher), Parlett, C. (Researcher), Xu, S. (Researcher), Yan, K. (Researcher), Reinhard, C. (Support team), Brooke, E. (Supervisor), Duggins, D. (Technical team), Lewis-Fell, J. (Technical team), Nonni, S. (Technical team), Rollings, B. (Technical team), Sinclair, L. (Technical team) & Batts, S. (Support team)
1/01/18 → …
Project: Other

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Parker, G., Eastwood, D., Storm, M., Vitharana, K., Heatwole, E. M., Lopez-Pulliam, I., Broilo, R. M., Dickson, P. M., Martinez, A., Rau, C., & Bourne, N. K. (2021). 4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway. Combustion and Flame, 226, 478-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025

@article{9854e7d9a5e04019a68aa4f116ce750c,

title = "4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway",

abstract = "High-resolution synchrotron x-ray radiography with computed tomography is used to observe the evolution of porosity created by thermal exposure in two HMX-based polymer-bonded explosive compositions; LX-04 and BX-63. The measurements were made in situ, over an extended period of time, during which the samples were heated on a slow-rate thermal trajectory. The tests ended with thermal-runaway to ignition after which the samples were consumed by combustion. The primary means of damage appears to be from mechanical debonding of the HMX-binder interface with secondary contribution from chemical decomposition. Confinement and binder properties affect the amount of porosity and permeability that develops. Additionally, observations were made describing the emergence and structure of an internal ignition volume, the formation and transport of a pre-ignition melt layer, and how the early stages of combustion were affected by material morphology, mechanical confinement and melt. The contact angle between molten HMX and the fluoropolymer, Viton A, is also presented. For the first time we have time-resolved x-ray images of ignition in sufficient detail to verify the mechanism of cookoff in polymer-bonded explosive compositions.",

keywords = "Auto-ignition, Convective burn, Damage, Explosive behavior, Porosity, Radiography",

author = "Gary Parker and David Eastwood and Malte Storm and Kalpani Vitharana and Heatwole, \{Eric M.\} and Ian Lopez-Pulliam and Broilo, \{Robert M.\} and Dickson, \{Peter M.\} and Anna Martinez and Christoph Rau and Bourne, \{Neil K.\}",

note = "Funding Information: The authors thank Diamond Light Source for the award of beamtime (proposals MT15068, MT16650 and MT18198) and the staff of the Diamond Manchester beamline I13. We gratefully acknowledge additional funding from our sponsors and colleagues in the DOE Science Programs and the LANL NSR\&D Program. Specifically, thanks to Dana Dattelbaum, Scott Jackson, Tommy Morris, Paul Peterson, Tammy Diaz and Dan Borovina for their continuing support. Bryce Tappan provided helpful discussion and TGA data for binder decomposition; his chemistry expertise and willingness to help is appreciated. Explosive samples packaging and transport was arranged by colleagues at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment; we thank Peter Bolton, Annette Glauser, Adam Hazelwood, Paul Ryan, Steve James and Steve Goveas for this important contribution. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, at Los Alamos National Laboratory, managed by Triad, LLC. under contract 89233218CNA000001. Funding Information: The authors thank Diamond Light Source for the award of beamtime (proposals MT15068, MT16650 and MT18198) and the staff of the Diamond Manchester beamline I13. We gratefully acknowledge additional funding from our sponsors and colleagues in the DOE Science Programs and the LANL NSR\&D Program. Specifically, thanks to Dana Dattelbaum, Scott Jackson, Tommy Morris, Paul Peterson, Tammy Diaz and Dan Borovina for their continuing support. Bryce Tappan provided helpful discussion and TGA data for binder decomposition; his chemistry expertise and willingness to help is appreciated. Explosive samples packaging and transport was arranged by colleagues at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment; we thank Peter Bolton, Annette Glauser, Adam Hazelwood, Paul Ryan, Steve James and Steve Goveas for this important contribution. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s National Nuclear Security Administration, at Los Alamos National Laboratory, managed by Triad, LLC. under contract 89233218CNA000001. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020",

year = "2021",

month = jan,

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doi = "10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025",

language = "English",

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Parker, G, Eastwood, D, Storm, M, Vitharana, K, Heatwole, EM, Lopez-Pulliam, I, Broilo, RM, Dickson, PM, Martinez, A, Rau, C & Bourne, NK 2021, '4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway', Combustion and Flame, vol. 226, pp. 478-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025

TY - JOUR

T1 - 4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway

AU - Parker, Gary

AU - Eastwood, David

AU - Storm, Malte

AU - Vitharana, Kalpani

AU - Heatwole, Eric M.

AU - Lopez-Pulliam, Ian

AU - Broilo, Robert M.

AU - Dickson, Peter M.

AU - Martinez, Anna

AU - Rau, Christoph

AU - Bourne, Neil K.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank Diamond Light Source for the award of beamtime (proposals MT15068, MT16650 and MT18198) and the staff of the Diamond Manchester beamline I13. We gratefully acknowledge additional funding from our sponsors and colleagues in the DOE Science Programs and the LANL NSR&D Program. Specifically, thanks to Dana Dattelbaum, Scott Jackson, Tommy Morris, Paul Peterson, Tammy Diaz and Dan Borovina for their continuing support. Bryce Tappan provided helpful discussion and TGA data for binder decomposition; his chemistry expertise and willingness to help is appreciated. Explosive samples packaging and transport was arranged by colleagues at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment; we thank Peter Bolton, Annette Glauser, Adam Hazelwood, Paul Ryan, Steve James and Steve Goveas for this important contribution. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, at Los Alamos National Laboratory, managed by Triad, LLC. under contract 89233218CNA000001. Funding Information: The authors thank Diamond Light Source for the award of beamtime (proposals MT15068, MT16650 and MT18198) and the staff of the Diamond Manchester beamline I13. We gratefully acknowledge additional funding from our sponsors and colleagues in the DOE Science Programs and the LANL NSR&D Program. Specifically, thanks to Dana Dattelbaum, Scott Jackson, Tommy Morris, Paul Peterson, Tammy Diaz and Dan Borovina for their continuing support. Bryce Tappan provided helpful discussion and TGA data for binder decomposition; his chemistry expertise and willingness to help is appreciated. Explosive samples packaging and transport was arranged by colleagues at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment; we thank Peter Bolton, Annette Glauser, Adam Hazelwood, Paul Ryan, Steve James and Steve Goveas for this important contribution. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration, at Los Alamos National Laboratory, managed by Triad, LLC. under contract 89233218CNA000001. Publisher Copyright: © 2020

PY - 2021/1/6

Y1 - 2021/1/6

N2 - High-resolution synchrotron x-ray radiography with computed tomography is used to observe the evolution of porosity created by thermal exposure in two HMX-based polymer-bonded explosive compositions; LX-04 and BX-63. The measurements were made in situ, over an extended period of time, during which the samples were heated on a slow-rate thermal trajectory. The tests ended with thermal-runaway to ignition after which the samples were consumed by combustion. The primary means of damage appears to be from mechanical debonding of the HMX-binder interface with secondary contribution from chemical decomposition. Confinement and binder properties affect the amount of porosity and permeability that develops. Additionally, observations were made describing the emergence and structure of an internal ignition volume, the formation and transport of a pre-ignition melt layer, and how the early stages of combustion were affected by material morphology, mechanical confinement and melt. The contact angle between molten HMX and the fluoropolymer, Viton A, is also presented. For the first time we have time-resolved x-ray images of ignition in sufficient detail to verify the mechanism of cookoff in polymer-bonded explosive compositions.

AB - High-resolution synchrotron x-ray radiography with computed tomography is used to observe the evolution of porosity created by thermal exposure in two HMX-based polymer-bonded explosive compositions; LX-04 and BX-63. The measurements were made in situ, over an extended period of time, during which the samples were heated on a slow-rate thermal trajectory. The tests ended with thermal-runaway to ignition after which the samples were consumed by combustion. The primary means of damage appears to be from mechanical debonding of the HMX-binder interface with secondary contribution from chemical decomposition. Confinement and binder properties affect the amount of porosity and permeability that develops. Additionally, observations were made describing the emergence and structure of an internal ignition volume, the formation and transport of a pre-ignition melt layer, and how the early stages of combustion were affected by material morphology, mechanical confinement and melt. The contact angle between molten HMX and the fluoropolymer, Viton A, is also presented. For the first time we have time-resolved x-ray images of ignition in sufficient detail to verify the mechanism of cookoff in polymer-bonded explosive compositions.

KW - Auto-ignition

KW - Convective burn

KW - Damage

KW - Explosive behavior

KW - Porosity

KW - Radiography

U2 - 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025

DO - 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.025

M3 - Article

SN - 0010-2180

VL - 226

SP - 478

EP - 489

JO - Combustion and Flame

JF - Combustion and Flame

ER -

4D micro-scale, phase-contrast X-ray imaging and computed tomography of HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives during thermal runaway

Abstract

Keywords

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UoMaH: The University of Manchester at Harwell

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