Interactions Between Genetic and Epidemiological Factors Influencing Mammographic Density

Studies have identified genetic and epidemiological factors associated with mammographic density (MD) phenotypes. However, MD-associated genetic variants only account for a small proportion of the total estimated heritability. Interrogating interactions between genetic and epidemiological factors could potentially identify additional MD-associated loci, expand our understanding of the genetic basis of MD phenotypes, and clarify how epidemiological factors modulate relationships between genetic variants and MD. We conducted six separate genome-wide, gene-environment (GxE) interaction analyses, applying 2 degrees of freedom (df) and 1df interaction tests, for each of three MD phenotypes (percent density (PD), dense area (DA), and non-dense area (NDA)). The six epidemiological factors considered were height, ever parous, parity, ever menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), ever breastfeeding, and months of breastfeeding. We included European ancestry participants from multiple studies within the Markers of Density (MODE) consortium and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) (n = 4,895 - 16,218 depending on specific analyses). We identified 11 loci with genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) interaction tests including two novel common genetic signals interacting with parity (8p21.2) and ever breastfeeding (19p13.2) for NDA. Our results suggest that epidemiological risk factors might influence relationships between common genetic variants and MD phenotypes at particular genomic loci.