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Abstract
Background The mental health of children and adolescents has declined in recent years. Self-harm is frequently an expression of this psychological distress.
Objectives To examine trends in self-harm incidence among 10–24-year olds between January 2019–December 2023.
Methods We conducted time-series analyses of all incident episodes of self-harm among 10–24-year olds using the Greater Manchester Care Record. The observation period was split into four phases: pre-pandemic (1/2019–2/2020); pandemic phase 1 (3/2020–6/2021); pandemic phase 2 (7/2021–12/2022) and post-pandemic (1/2023–12/2023). Rate ratios by sex, age, ethnicity and Indices of Multiple Deprivation were modelled using negative binomial regression.
Findings Self-harm incidence rates decreased significantly in the post-pandemic phase, compared with the pre-pandemic period (male—incident rate ratios (IRR) 0.72; 95%CI 0.62 to 0.84, female IRR 0.85; 95%CI 0.74 to 0.99). In females, this followed increased rates, rising by 18% in pandemic phase 2 (IRR 1.18; 95%CI 1.04 to 1.34). In males, rates decreased throughout the study period. Incidence rates were lowest for 10–12 year olds. However, the greatest increase was observed in this age group, with rates in pandemic phase 2 being almost two times that seen pre-pandemic for females (IRR 1.91; 95%CI 1.47 to 2.48). The change in rates among females was also most marked in the least deprived neighbourhoods, rising by more than 50% (IRR 1.54; 95%CI 1.21 to 1.95) in pandemic phase 2.
Conclusions Our results indicate a decrease in selfharm incidence during 2023. Analysis by age group showed the greatest increase in rates in 10–12-year olds.
Further research is needed to confirm these findings and
to identify the mechanisms driving these trends.
Objectives To examine trends in self-harm incidence among 10–24-year olds between January 2019–December 2023.
Methods We conducted time-series analyses of all incident episodes of self-harm among 10–24-year olds using the Greater Manchester Care Record. The observation period was split into four phases: pre-pandemic (1/2019–2/2020); pandemic phase 1 (3/2020–6/2021); pandemic phase 2 (7/2021–12/2022) and post-pandemic (1/2023–12/2023). Rate ratios by sex, age, ethnicity and Indices of Multiple Deprivation were modelled using negative binomial regression.
Findings Self-harm incidence rates decreased significantly in the post-pandemic phase, compared with the pre-pandemic period (male—incident rate ratios (IRR) 0.72; 95%CI 0.62 to 0.84, female IRR 0.85; 95%CI 0.74 to 0.99). In females, this followed increased rates, rising by 18% in pandemic phase 2 (IRR 1.18; 95%CI 1.04 to 1.34). In males, rates decreased throughout the study period. Incidence rates were lowest for 10–12 year olds. However, the greatest increase was observed in this age group, with rates in pandemic phase 2 being almost two times that seen pre-pandemic for females (IRR 1.91; 95%CI 1.47 to 2.48). The change in rates among females was also most marked in the least deprived neighbourhoods, rising by more than 50% (IRR 1.54; 95%CI 1.21 to 1.95) in pandemic phase 2.
Conclusions Our results indicate a decrease in selfharm incidence during 2023. Analysis by age group showed the greatest increase in rates in 10–12-year olds.
Further research is needed to confirm these findings and
to identify the mechanisms driving these trends.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | e301615 |
| Journal | BMJ mental health |
| Volume | 28 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 9 Jun 2025 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 9 Jun 2025 |
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NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre
Bruce, I. (PI), Lord, G. (CoI), Lennon, R. (CoI), Black, G. (CoI), Wedge, D. (CoI), Morris, A. (CoI), Hussell, T. (CoI), Sharrocks, A. (CoI), Stivaros, S. (CoI), Buch, M. (CoI), Gough, J. (CoI), Kostarelos, K. (CoI), Thistlethwaite, F. (CoI), Kadler, K. (CoI), Barton, A. (CoI), Hyrich, K. (CoI), Mcbeth, J. (CoI), O'Neill, T. (CoI), Vestbo, J. (CoI), Simpson, A. (CoI), Singh, S. (CoI), Smith, J. (CoI), Felton, T. (CoI), Murray, C. (CoI), Griffiths, C. (CoI), Cullum, N. (CoI), Rhodes, L. (CoI), Warren, R. (CoI), Paus, R. (CoI), Dumville, J. (CoI), Viros Usandizaga, A. (CoI), Keavney, B. (CoI), Tomaszewski, M. (CoI), Allan, S. (CoI), Body, R. (CoI), Cartwright, E. (CoI), Heagerty, A. (CoI), Kalra, P. (CoI), Miller, C. (CoI), Rutter, M. (CoI), Smith, C. (CoI), Trafford, A. (CoI), Evans, D. (CoI), Crosbie, E. (CoI), Crosbie, P. (CoI), Harvie, M. (CoI), Howell, S. (CoI), Renehan, A. (CoI), Dive, C. (CoI), Blackhall, F. (CoI), Landers, D. (CoI), Krebs, M. (CoI), Cook, N. (CoI), Clarke, R. (CoI), Taylor, S. (CoI), Jorgensen, C. (CoI), Lorigan, P. (CoI), Jayson, G. (CoI), Valle, J. (CoI), Mccabe, M. (CoI), Armstrong, A. (CoI), Freitas, A. (CoI), Illidge, T. (CoI), Choudhury, A. (CoI), Hoskin, P. (CoI), West, C. (CoI), Van Herk, M. (CoI), Faivre-Finn, C. (CoI), Bristow, R. (CoI), Kirkby, K. (CoI), Birtle, A. (CoI), Mackay, R. (CoI), Radford, J. (CoI), Linton, K. (CoI), Higham, C. (CoI), Munro, K. (CoI), Plack, C. (CoI), Arden Armitage, C. (CoI), Bruce, I. (CoI), Moore, D. (CoI), Saunders, G. (CoI), Stone, M. (CoI), Haddock, G. (CoI), Lewis, S. (CoI), Elliott, R. (CoI), Green, J. (CoI), Lovell, K. (CoI), Morrison, A. (CoI), Shaw, J. (CoI), Bucci, S. (CoI), Ainsworth, J. (CoI), Webb, R. (CoI), Newman, W. (CoI), Banka, S. (CoI), Clayton-Smith, J. (CoI), Payne, K. (CoI), Moldovan, R. (CoI), Wynn, R. (CoI) & Jones, S. (CoI)
1/12/22 → 30/11/27
Project: Research